TY - BOOK AU - Phillips,John L. AU - Phillips,John L. TI - How to think about statistics SN - 0716719231 (pbk.) AV - HA29 .P517 PY - 1988/// CY - New York PB - W.H. Freeman KW - Social sciences KW - Statistical methods KW - Psychometrics KW - Statistics N1 - Rev. ed. of: Statistical thinking. 2nd ed. c1982; Includes index; 1. Introduction -- The task -- The basic ideas -- Facing mathphobia -- 2. Frequency distributions -- Normal distributions -- Skewed distributions -- Other configurations -- Summary -- 3. Measures of central tendency -- The mean (x̄) -- The median (Mdn) -- The mode -- Summary -- Sample applications -- 4. Measures of variability -- The standard deviations (S) -- The semi-interquartile range -- The range -- Degrees of freedom -- Summary -- Sample applications -- 5. Measures of relationship -- The rank-difference coefficient (p) -- The product-moment coefficient (r) -- Effect of restricted variability -- Correlation and causation -- Reliability and validity -- Summary -- Sample applications -- 6. Interpreting individual measures -- Standard scores: The z scale -- Other standard scores -- Standard scores in correlation -- Centile (or "percentile") scores -- Age and grade norms -- Summary -- Sample applications -- 7. Precision of measurement -- Standard errors -- Confidence intervals and levels of confidence -- Effect of N on standard error -- Two ways of quantifying reliability -- Expectancy tables -- Summary -- Sample applications -- 8. Significance of a difference between two means -- An example -- Test of significance: The z ratio -- Test of significance: The t ratio -- Significance levels -- A common misinterpretation -- One- versus two-tail tests -- Statistical versus practical significance -- Summary -- Sample applications -- 9. More on the testing hypotheses -- Comparison of frequencies: Chi-square -- Multimean comparisons: Analysis of variance -- Summary -- Sample applications -- 10. Another look at correlation and causation -- Correlational versus experimental studies -- Continuous versus discontinuous variables and measurements -- Correlation as an index of causation -- Summary -- 11. Summary ER -