1. The study of body function -- Introduction to physiology -- Homeostasis and feedback control -- The primary tissues -- Organs and systems -- 2. Chemical composition of the body -- Atoms, ions and chemical bonds -- Carbohydrates and lipids -- Proteins -- 3. Cell structure and genetic control -- Cell membrane and associated structure -- Cytoplasm and its organelles -- Cell nucleus and nucleic acids -- Protein synthesis and secretion -- DNA synthesis and cell division -- 4. Enzymes and energy -- Enzymes as catalysts -- Control of enzyme activity -- Bioenergetics -- 5. Cell respiration and metabolism -- Glycolysis and the lactic acid pathway -- Aerobic respiration -- Metabolism of lipids and proteins -- 6. Membrane transport and the membrane potential -- Diffusion and osmosis -- Carrier-mediated transport -- The membrane potential -- 7. The nervous system -- Neurons and supporting cells -- Electrical activity in axons -- The synapse -- Acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter -- Monoamines as neurotransmitters -- Other neurotransmitters -- Synaptic integration -- 8. The central nervous system -- Structural organization of the brain -- Cerebrum -- Diencephalon -- Midbrain and Hindbrain -- Spinal cord tracts -- Cranial and spinal nerves -- 9. The autonomic nervous system -- Neural control of involuntary effectors -- Divisions of the autonomic nervous system -- Functions of the Autonomic nervous system.

10. Sensory physiology -- Characteristics of sensory receptors -- Cutaneous sensations -- Taste and olfaction -- Vestibular apparatus and equilibrium -- The ears and hearing -- The eyes and vision -- The retina -- Neural processing of visual information -- 11. Endocrine glands -- Hormones -- Mechanisms of hormone action -- Pituitary gland -- Adrenal glands -- Thyroid and parathyroid glands -- Pancreas and other endocrine glands -- Autocrine and paracrine regulation -- 12. Muscle -- Structure and actions of skeletal muscles -- Mechanisms of contraction -- Neural control of skeletal muscles -- Energy requirements of skeletal muscles -- Cardiac and smooth muscle -- 13. Heart and circulation -- Functions and components of the circulatory system -- Composition of the blood -- Acid-base balance of the blood -- Structure of the heart -- Cardiac cycle and heart sounds -- Electrical activity of the heart and the electrocardiagram -- Blood vessels -- Atherosclerosis and cardiac arrhytmias -- Lymphatic system -- 14. Cardiac output, blood flow and blood pressure -- Cardiac output -- Blood volume -- Vascular resistance to blood flow -- Blood flow to the heart and skeletal muscles -- Blood flow to the brain and skin -- Blood pressure -- Hypertension, shock and congestive heart failure -- 15. The immune system -- Defense mechanisms -- Functions of B Lymphocytes -- Active and passive immunity -- Functions of T Lymphocytes -- Tumor immunology -- Diseases caused by the immune system.

16. Respiratory physiology -- Respiratory system -- Physical aspects of ventilation -- Mechanics of breathing -- Gas exchange in the lungs -- Regulation of breathing -- Hemoglobin and oxygen transport -- Carbon dioxide transport and acid-base balance -- Effect of exercises and high altitude on respiratory function -- 17. Physiology of the kidneys -- Structure and function of the kidneys -- Glomerular filtration -- Reabsorption of salt and water -- Renal plasma clearance -- Renal control of electrolyte and acid-base balance -- Clinical appplications -- 18. The digestive system -- Introduction to the digestive system -- Esophagus and stomach -- Small intestine -- Large intestine -- Liver, gallbladder and pancreas -- Neural and endocrine regulation of the digestive system -- Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins -- 19. Regulation of metabolism -- Nutritional requirements -- Regulation of energy metabolism -- Energy regulation by the Islets of Langerhans -- Diabetes Mellitus and Hypoglycemia -- Metabolic regulation by adrenal hormones, thyroxine and growth hormone -- Regulation of calcium and phosphate balance -- 20. Reproduction -- Sexual reproduction -- Endocrine regulation of reproduction -- Male reproductive system -- Female reproductive system -- Menstrual cycle -- Fertilization, pregnancy and parturition.