Rev. ed. of: Principles and types of speech communication. 14th ed. 2000.

pt. 1. Public speaking and the liberal arts --
1. The academic study of public speaking --
Studying public speaking in higher education --
The need for speech training --
Ways to learn more about public speaking --
The functions of public speaking in society --
Orality in social-political life --
Public speaking and decision making in a multicultural society --
Achieving personal and collective goals through public talk --
The centrality of ethics in public communication --
Ethos in the Western world --
The moral bases of public decision making --
How to : enhance your credibility as a speaker --
Skills and competencies needed for successful speechmaking --
Integrity --
Knowledge --
Rhetorical sensitivity --
Oral skills --
Self-confidence --
Public speaking as a liberal art --
How to : manage your fear of public speaking --
Freeing yourself --
Making a free society work --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References --
2. Getting started : basic tips for speech preparation and delivery --
Selecting the subject --
Narrowing the subject --
How to : narrow a topic : an illustration --
Determining the purposes --
General purpose --
Specific purposes --
Central idea or claim --
Creating the title --
Strategic considerations --
Analyzing the audience and occasion --
Gathering the speech materials --
Outlining the speech --
Practicing aloud --
Ethical moments : ethics and public speaking --
Delivering your speech confidently --
Selecting the method of presentation --
Communicating self-confidence --
Learning to evaluate speeches --
Assessing a sample speech : "Clearing the air about cigars," by Dena Craig --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References. 3. Setting the scene for community in a diverse culture : public speaking and critical listening --
Basic elements of the speechmaking process : a model overview --
The speaker --
The message --
The listener --
Feedback --
The channels --
The situation --
Communication research dateline : listening and your career : working across the generational gap --
The cultural context --
Critical listening : theory and practice --
Knowing purposes : an orientation to listening behaviors --
Critical listening for comprehension and judgment --
The ethical listener --
How to : be an active and ethical listener --
Taking good notes --
Special needs for critical listening in the classroom --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References --
4. Public speaking and cultural life --
Understanding cultural processes --
Orality and cultural life --
The dimensions of culture --
The challenge of speaking in a multicultural society --
Strategies for unifying multicultural audiences --
Recognizing diversity --
Negotiating multicultural values --
Accepting multiple paths to goals --
Communication research dateline : rhetorical framing --
Working through the lifestyle choices of others --
Maintaining self-identity in the face of difference --
Ethical moments : adapting to moral codes --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References. pt. 2. Preparation --
5. Analyzing the audience and occasion --
Analyzing audiences demographically --
Analyzing demographic categories --
Using demographic information --
Analyzing audiences psychologically --
Beliefs --
Attitudes --
Values --
Desires, visions, and fantasies --
Using a psychological profile --
Analyzing the speech occasion --
Using audience analysis in speech preparation --
How to : analyze the speech occasion --
Audience targeting : setting realistic goals --
Audience segmentation : selecting dominant ideas and appeals --
Creating a unifying vision or fantasy --
Ethical moments : analyzing audience and occasion in moments of controversy --
Sample audience analysis --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References --
6. Developing ideas : finding and using supporting materials --
What to look for : forms of supporting materials --
Explanations --
Comparisons and contrasts --
Examples and narratives --
Statistics --
Testimony --
Ethical moments : the numbers game --
Where to look : sources of supporting materials --
The electronic world --
The print world --
The fact-to-face world --
Surveys and questionnaires --
Recording information in usable forms --
Using source materials ethically --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References. 7. Structuring the speech : language devices, internal organization patterns, and the motivated sequence --
Micro-structures : using language to organize ideas --
Meso-structures : patterns of internal organization --
Chronological patterns --
Spatial patterns --
Causal patterns --
Topical patterns --
Macro-structure : the five basic steps of the motivated sequence --
How to : choose from among meso-structures --
The attention step --
The need step --
The satisfaction step --
The visualization step --
The action step --
Using the motivated sequence to frame a speech --
Framing the speech to inform --
Framing the speech to persuade --
Framing the speech to actuate --
Framing the speech to entertain --
Assessing a sample speech : "Drug testing : outcome, death," by Justin D. Neal --
Integrating meso-structures into the motivated sequence --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References. 8. Maintaining audience attention and involvement --
Capturing and holding attention in American culture --
Activity --
Reality --
Proximity --
Familiarity --
Novelty --
Suspense --
Conflict --
Humor --
The vital --
Visualization --
Framing the speech : rhetorical orientation --
How to : get your audience's attention --
Types of speech introduction --
Referring to the subject or occasion --
Using a personal reference or greeting --
Asking a question --
Making a startling statement --
Using a quotation --
Telling a humorous story --
Using an illustration --
Building a speech forecast --
Types of speech conclusions --
Issuing a challenge --
Summarizing the major points of ideas --
Using a quotation --
Using an illustration --
Suppling an additional inducement to belief or action --
Stating a personal intention --
Selecting introductions and conclusions --
Sample outline for an introduction and a conclusion --
How to : frame a speech --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References --
9. Developing the speech outline --
Requirements of good outline form --
Communication research dateline : perceptual grouping : the organization of subordinate points --
Developing the speech : stages in the outlining process --
Developing a rough outline --
Developing a technical plot outline --
Developing a speaking outline --
Using PowerPoint to integrate verbal and visual outlines --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References. pt. 3. Channels --
10. Using language to communicate --
Using language orally --
Using language competently --
Effective word choice --
Definitions --
Imagery --
Metaphors --
Using language ethically --
Ad hominem attack --
Linguistic erasure --
Critiquing domination --
Selecting an appropriate style --
Serious versus humorous atmosphere --
Ethical moments : doublespeak --
Speaker-, audience-, or content-centered emphasis --
Propositional versus narrative style --
Selecting language that communicates civility --
Gendered versus gender-neutral language --
How to : avoid offensive language --
The problem of uncivil and hateful speech --
The commitment to a multicultural vision of the audience --
Assessing a sample speech : "Coloring outside the lines : the limits of civility," by Raymie E. McKerrow --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References --
11. Using visual aids in speeches --
The functions of visual aids --
Types of visual aids --
Physical objects --
Representations of objects and relationships --
Ethical moments : can pictures lie? --
Representing textual materials --
Acquiring visual aids --
How to : make the most of color selection for slides and other visuals --
Making your own --
Downloading visual aids from the Web --
Getting visual aids from research/others --
Strategies for selecting and using visual aids --
Consider the audience and occasion --
How to : select the right visual aids --
Consider the communicative potential of various visual aids --
Evaluate computer-generated visual materials --
How to : use visual aids effectively --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References --
12. Using your voice and body to communicate --
Orality and human communication --
Aggregative --
Agonistic/invitational --
Ethically appropriate --
Public speaking as a social performance --
Using your voice to communicate --
Perceptions of the speaking voice --
How to : determine your delivery time --
Controlling the emotional quality --
Practicing vocal control --
Using your body to communicate --
Assessing different dimensions of nonverbal communication --
How to : improve our voice --
Adapting nonverbal behavior to your presentations --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References. pt. 4. Types --
13. Speeches to inform --
Facts, knowledge, and the information age --
Motivational appeals : engaging listeners where they are --
Classifying motives --
Motive clusters --
Using motivational appeals in speech preparation --
Ethical moments : your ethical boundaries --
Essential features of informative speeches --
Clarity --
How to : use psychological principles for clarity --
Associating new ideas with familiar ones --
Relevant visualizations --
Types of informative speeches --
Definitional speeches --
Instructional and demonstration speeches --
Oral briefings --
Explanatory speeches --
Assessing a sample speech : "The geisha," by Joyce Chapman --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References --
14. Speeches to persuade and actuate --
Contemporary approaches to changing minds and behaviors --
VALS : adapting messages to listeners' psychological orientations --
How to : use VALS to craft a persuasive message for a diverse audience --
Communication research dateline : resistance to counterpersuasion --
PRIZM : adapting messages to listeners' behavioral patterns --
Reference groups : adapting messages to listeners' group loyalties --
Credibility : adapting messages to your own strengths --
Basic types of persuasive and actuative speeches --
Persuasion as psychological reorientation --
Persuasion as impetus to action --
Structuring persuasive and actuative speeches --
Ethical moments : using fear appeals --
Using the motivated sequence for psychological reorientation --
Using the motivated sequence for behavioral actuation --
Assessing sample speeches : "Speech for impeachment," by Rep. J.C. Watts, and "Speech against impeachment," by Rep. Richard Gephardt --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References. 15. Argument and critical thinking --
Argument and cultural commitments --
Commitment to change you mind --
Commitment to knowledge --
Commitment to worthy subjects --
Commitment to rules --
Argument as justifying belief and action --
Types of claims --
Evidence --
Ethical moments : the use of evidence --
Forms of reasoning (inference) --
Testing the adequacy of forms of reasoning --
Detecting fallacies in reasoning --
How to : test arguments --
A model for organizing and evaluating arguments --
Assessing a sample speech : "Mending the body by leading an ear : the healing power of listening," by Carol Koehler --
How to : develop argumentative speeches --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References --
16. Building social cohesion in a diverse world : speeches on ceremonial and corporate occasions --
Ceremony and ritual in a diverse culture --
Social definitions of diversity --
Public address as community building --
Building community on corporate occasions --
Speeches of tribute --
Farewells --
Ethical moments : a counterexample : challenging the community's values --
Dedications --
Memorial services --
Style and content in speeches of tribute --
Speeches to create goodwill --
How to : organize speeches of tribute --
Style and content in goodwill speeches --
How to : organize goodwill speeches --
After-dinner talks : entertaining with a purpose --
Style and content in speeches to entertain --
How to : organize speeches to entertain --
Keynote speeches --
Panel discussions at meetings --
How to : organize speeches of introduction --
Preparing for panel participation --
Assessing a sample speech : "In pursuit of the tiger : traditions and transitions," by Susan Au Allen --
Chapter summary --
Key terms --
Assessment activities --
References.